El control de constitucionalidad frente a la actividad legislativa en Colombia durante segundo período de gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Inexequibilidad de normas sobre seguridad democrática, crecimiento económico y generación de empleo e incremento de la eficacia y transparencia del Estado

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general el análisis descriptivo de las sentencias proferidas en ejercicio del control de constitucionalidad de la actividad legislativa ordinaria desarrollada durante el segundo período presidencial de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, comprendido entre el 7 de agosto de 2006 y el 7 de agosto de 2010, con el fin de obtener datos necesarios para que, posteriormente, en el proyecto institucional “el control de constitucionalidad frente a la actividad legislativa en Colombia”, se realice un análisis comparativo en relación con los resultados arrojados por el control de constitucionalidad ejercido a la actividad legislativa desarrollada en los otros períodos presidenciales ocurridos durante la vigencia de la Constitución Política de 1991 (desde el 4 de julio de 1991, hasta el segundo período presidencial de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, períodos presidenciales de: Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, Ernesto Samper Pizano, Andrés Pastrana Arango y primer período de Álvaro Uribe Vélez). El problema de investigación formulado en el megaproyecto (proyecto institucional) del cual hace parte este trabajo de investigaicón fue el siguiente: “¿Cuáles han sido los resultados arrojados por el control de constitucionalidad efectuado al ejercicio de la actividad legislativa desarrollada a partir de la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución de 1991, durante los periodos presidenciales de Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, Ernesto Samper Pizano, Andrés Pastrana Arango y Álvaro Uribe Vélez?” El objetivo general planteado en el megaproyecto fue: “Comparar los resultados arrojados por el control de constitucionalidad efectuado al ejercicio de la actividad legislativa desarrollada a partir de la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución de 1991, durante los periodos presidenciales de Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, Ernesto Samper Pizano, Andrés Pastrana Arango y Álvaro Uribe Vélez”

Efectos del autoclave sobre el coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente de la harina descascarada de arveja (Pisum sativum) en trucha arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effect of autoclaving on the nutrients’ apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC), digestible protein and energy of pea seed meal (P. sativum) fed to Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) was examined. Two samples of the pea meal were autoclaved at 121ºC and 1.1 atm for 5 min (5’APM) or 15 min (15’APM), respectively. A third sample, used as control, was not treated (RPM). One reference diet (Basal diet) and 3 experimental diets were elaborated and labelled based on autoclaving time applied to the ingredient (RPM, 5’APM and 15’APM). The four diets were assigned using a completely randomised design, with each treatment having three replicates. 12 tanks were stocked each with 15 trouts with an average weight of 235 ± 10.4 g. Faeces were collected over a 7-day period using a settlement column and pooled within the tank. ADCs were determined using chromium oxide (Cr2O3) as an inert digestibility indicator. No significant differences (P>0.05) regarding protein ADC were found among all treatments. On the other hand, dry matter, energy and nitrogen free extract (NFE) ADC showed significant differences (p0,05) con respecto a los CDAs de proteína entre los tratamientos. Por otra parte, los CDAs de materia seca, energía y extracto no nitrogenado (ENN) fueron estadísticamente diferentes (P<0,05). Los resultados demostraron que el tratamiento 5’APM incrementó el CDA de materia seca, además de energía y proteína digestible de la harina descascarada de arveja

Análisis económico – financiero de la Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional (LFP)

El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en determinar la situación económico – financiera de los clubes de fútbol de Primera y Segunda División durante los ejercicios contables 2018 y 2019, así como analizar su evolución a lo largo de este periodo de tiempo y, posteriormente, compararlas entre sí con el fin de dilucidar cuál de ellas presenta una mayor rentabilidad y estabilidad en términos financieros. Para ello, se ha efectuado en primera instancia un análisis descriptivo y, en segundo término, un análisis empírico, a través del cual estudiar posibles diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En síntesis, los resultados obtenidos por medio de este último ponen de manifiesto que los clubes de la LFP acreditan un elevado nivel de endeudamiento, acompañado de una baja rentabilidad tanto económica como financiera que, pese a ello, les permite afrontar el coste medio de su financiación. A lo largo del periodo objeto de estudio se ha deteriorado la situación financiera de Segunda División. Si se comparan ambas categorías, los equipos de Primera presentan un escenario más favorable que los conjuntos de la categoría de plata del fútbol español, evidenciándose este a través de una rentabilidad económica y financiera más elevadas, y una mayor facilidad a la hora de afrontar sus deudas, entre otros.<br /

Adaptable register file organization for vector processors

Contemporary Vector Processors (VPs) are de-signed either for short vector lengths, e.g., Fujitsu A64FX with 512-bit ARM SVE vector support, or long vectors, e.g., NEC Aurora Tsubasa with 16Kbits Maximum Vector Length (MVL1). Unfortunately, both approaches have drawbacks. On the one hand, short vector length VP designs struggle to provide high efficiency for applications featuring long vectors with high Data Level Parallelism (DLP). On the other hand, long vector VP designs waste resources and underutilize the Vector Register File (VRF) when executing low DLP applications with short vector lengths. Therefore, those long vector VP implementations are limited to a specialized subset of applications, where relatively high DLP must be present to achieve excellent performance with high efficiency. Modern scientific applications are getting more diverse, and the vector lengths in those applications vary widely. To overcome these limitations, we propose an Adaptable Vector Architecture (AVA) that leads to having the best of both worlds. AVA is designed for short vectors (MVL=16 elements) and is thus area and energy-efficient. However, AVA has the functionality to reconfigure the MVL, thereby allowing to exploit the benefits of having a longer vector of up to 128 elements microarchitecture when abundant DLP is present. We model AVA on the gem5 simulator and evaluate AVA performance with six applications taken from the RiVEC Benchmark Suite. To obtain area and power consumption metrics, we model AVA on McPAT for 22nm technology. Our results show that by reconfiguring our small VRF (8KB) plus our novel issue queue scheme, AVA yields a 2X speedup over the default configuration for short vectors. Additionally, AVA shows competitive performance when compared to a long vector VP, while saving 50% of area.Research reported in this publication is partially supported by CONACyT Mexico under Grant No. 472106, the Spanish State Research Agency - Ministry of Science and Innovation (contract PID2019-107255GB), and the European Union Regional Development Fund within the framework of the ERDF Operational Program of Catalonia 2014-2020 with a grant of 50% of the total cost eligible, under the DRAC project [001-P-001723].Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The polypeptides COX2A and COX2B are essential components of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase of Toxoplasma gondii

AbstractTwo genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunits, Cox2a and Cox2b, are present in the nuclear genomes of apicomplexan parasites and show sequence similarity to corresponding genes in chlorophycean algae. We explored the presence of COX2A and COX2B subunits in the cytochrome c oxidase of Toxoplasma gondii. Antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide containing a 14-residue fragment of the COX2A polypeptide and against a hexa-histidine-tagged recombinant COX2B protein. Two distinct immunochemical stainings localized the COX2A and COX2B proteins in the parasite's mitochondria. A mitochondria-enriched fraction exhibited cyanide-sensitive oxygen uptake in the presence of succinate. T. gondii mitochondria were solubilized and subjected to Blue Native Electrophoresis followed by second dimension electrophoresis. Selected protein spots from the 2D gels were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis and polypeptides of mitochondrial complexes III, IV and V were identified. Subunits COX2A and COX2B were detected immunochemically and found to co-migrate with complex IV; therefore, they are subunits of the parasite's cytochrome c oxidase. The apparent molecular mass of the T. gondii mature COX2A subunit differs from that of the chlorophycean alga Polytomella sp. The data suggest that during its biogenesis, the mitochondrial targeting sequence of the apicomplexan COX2A precursor protein may be processed differently than the one from its algal counterpart

Supraspinal shaping of adaptive transitions in the state of functional connectivity between segmentally distributed dorsal horn neuronal populations in response to nociception and antinociception

In the anesthetized cat the correlation between the ongoing cord dorsum potentials(CDPs) recorded from different lumbar spinal segments has a non-random structure,suggesting relatively stable patterns of functional connectivity between the dorsalhorn neuronal ensembles involved in the generation of these potentials. During thenociception induced by the intradermic injection of capsaicin, the patterns of segmentalcorrelation between the spontaneous CDPs acquire other non-random configurationsthat are temporarily reversed to their pre-capsaicin state by the systemic injectionof lidocaine, a procedure known to decrease the manifestation of neuropathic painin both animals and humans. We have now extended these studies and utilizedmachine learning for the automatic extraction and selection of particular classes ofCDPs according to their shapes and amplitudes. By using a Markovian analysis, wedisclosed the transitions between the different kinds of CDPs induced by capsaicinand lidocaine and constructed a global model based on the changes in the behaviorof the CDPs generated along the whole set of lumbar segments. This allowed theidentification of the different states of functional connectivity within the whole ensembleof dorsal horn neurones attained during nociception and their transitory reversal bysystemic administration of lidocaine in preparations with the intact neuroaxis and afterspinalization. The present observations provide additional information on the stateof self-organized criticality that leads to the adaptive behavior of the dorsal hornneuronal networks during nociception and antinociception both shaped by supraspinaldescending influencesPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Expression of CCR5, CXCR4 and DC-SIGN in Cervix of HIV-1 Heterosexually Infected Mexican Women

Background: A number of studies have demonstrated that receptor and co-receptor expression levels which may affect viral entry, promoting cervical HIV infection. The aim was to evaluate the expression levels of CCR5, CXCR4 and DC-SIGN mRNA in a sample of heterosexually HIV infected Mexican women. Methods: We enrolled twenty-six HIV heterosexual infected women attending a local infectious diseases medical unit. RNA was isolated from the cervix and gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR. Results: Expression rates for mRNA of CCR5 (median 1.82; range 0.003–2934) were higher than those observed for CXCR4 (0.79; 0.0061–3312) and DC-SIGN (0.33; 0.006–532) receptors (p < 0.05). A high correlation was found between the mRNA expression levels of these three receptors (rs = 0.52 to 0.85, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Levels of expression of the tested chemokine receptors in the cervix are different from each other and also vary from woman to woman, and seem to support the suggestion that chemokine receptor expression in genital tissues may be playing a role in the HIV transmission

Vitruvius+: An area-efficient RISC-V decoupled vector coprocessor for high performance computing applications

The maturity level of RISC-V and the availability of domain-specific instruction set extensions, like vector processing, make RISC-V a good candidate for supporting the integration of specialized hardware in processor cores for the High Performance Computing (HPC) application domain. In this article,1 we present Vitruvius+, the vector processing acceleration engine that represents the core of vector instruction execution in the HPC challenge that comes within the EuroHPC initiative. It implements the RISC-V vector extension (RVV) 0.7.1 and can be easily connected to a scalar core using the Open Vector Interface standard. Vitruvius+ natively supports long vectors: 256 double precision floating-point elements in a single vector register. It is composed of a set of identical vector pipelines (lanes), each containing a slice of the Vector Register File and functional units (one integer, one floating point). The vector instruction execution scheme is hybrid in-order/out-of-order and is supported by register renaming and arithmetic/memory instruction decoupling. On a stand-alone synthesis, Vitruvius+ reaches a maximum frequency of 1.4 GHz in typical conditions (TT/0.80V/25°C) using GlobalFoundries 22FDX FD-SOI. The silicon implementation has a total area of 1.3 mm2 and maximum estimated power of ~920 mW for one instance of Vitruvius+ equipped with eight vector lanes.This research has received funding from the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (JU) under Framework Partnership Agreement No 800928 (European Processor Initiative) and Specific Grant Agreement No 101036168 (EPI SGA2). The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and from Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. The EPI-SGA2 project, PCI2022-132935 is also co-funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the UE NextGen- erationEU/PRTR. This work has also been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-107255GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

DVINO: A RISC-V vector processor implemented in 65nm technology

This paper describes the design, verification, implementation and fabrication of the Drac Vector IN-Order (DVINO) processor, a RISC-V vector processor capable of booting Linux jointly developed by BSC, CIC-IPN, IMB-CNM (CSIC), and UPC. The DVINO processor includes an internally developed two-lane vector processor unit as well as a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The paper summarizes the design from architectural as well as logic synthesis and physical design in CMOS 65nm technology.The DRAC project is co-financed by the European Union Regional Development Fund within the framework of the ERDF Operational Program of Catalonia 2014-2020 with a grant of 50% of total eligible cost. The authors are part of RedRISCV which promotes activities around open hardware. The Lagarto Project is supported by the Research and Graduate Secretary (SIP) of the Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN) from Mexico, and by the CONACyT scholarship for Center for Research in Computing (CIC-IPN).Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 43 autors/es: Guillem Cabo∗, Gerard Candón∗, Xavier Carril∗, Max Doblas∗, Marc Domínguez∗, Alberto González∗, Cesar Hernández†, Víctor Jiménez∗, Vatistas Kostalampros∗, Rubén Langarita∗, Neiel Leyva†, Guillem López-Paradís∗, Jonnatan Mendoza∗, Francesco Minervini∗, Julian Pavón∗, Cristobal Ramírez∗, Narcís Rodas∗, Enrico Reggiani∗, Mario Rodríguez∗, Carlos Rojas∗, Abraham Ruiz∗, Víctor Soria∗, Alejandro Suanes‡, Iván Vargas∗, Roger Figueras∗, Pau Fontova∗, Joan Marimon∗, Víctor Montabes∗, Adrián Cristal∗, Carles Hernández∗, Ricardo Martínez‡, Miquel Moretó∗§, Francesc Moll∗§, Oscar Palomar∗§, Marco A. Ramírez†, Antonio Rubio§, Jordi Sacristán‡, Francesc Serra-Graells‡, Nehir Sonmez∗, Lluís Terés‡, Osman Unsal∗, Mateo Valero∗§, Luís Villa† // ∗Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain. Email: [email protected]; †Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico; ‡ Institut de Microelectronica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Spain. Email: [email protected]; §Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain. Email: [email protected] (author's final draft